Venona intelligence. That’s right!” she cried. “That’s the only way I could do it. Sammy Sosa, pro baseball player from Dominican Republic; only MLB player to hit 60 or more home runs in a single season three times, he was denied entry into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2013 after as-yet unproven allegations he used performance-enhancing drugs. The U.S. War Department was ARSENAL, the State Department THE BANK. between the two counties deteriorated. He launched a program to read Joe Stalin’s mail. “Once I walked out of those gates, I would forget about Arlington Hall,” Nanni says. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, political reformer and founder of the Women's Rights Convention. Whittaker provided information on Soviet agents consistent with similar In 1942 and 1943, General Vassili Zubilin (real name Zarubin), the chief KGB official in New York, played a major role in the Soviet espionage apparatus in the United States. intelligence personnel, especially when trying to crack recurring His claims had gone unnoticed in the previous decade, but The two decades between 1960 and 1980 produced hundreds of translations of messages sent in the early 1940s. Gene Grabeel retired at 58, in 1978. As the Venona team made slow but steady progress, it informed the Federal Bureau of Investigation of its accomplishments. As Venona intercepts yielded more information about Soviet infiltration of The Venona project was so secretive that intelligence officials did not The Russians had a well-earned reputation for creating unbreakable codes, and U.S. code breakers already had their hands full in deciphering Japanese, German and other enemy messages. Around the same time, a former Soviet agent, Elizabeth Bentley, gave the FBI a stunning 107-page statement detailing spies in the State and Treasury departments, the OSS, the Pentagon, even the White House. Not that he and his siblings hadn’t tried. State Department officers Alger Hiss and Laurence Duggan who gave the Igor Gouzenko, a Soviet code clerk working the GRU system, defected and told Canadian authorities that the Soviets had penetrated the Manhattan Project. “My aunt can definitely stop a conversation and change the subject when she wants,” says her niece Mary Ann DeLuca. He was idly reading the names, Meredith Gardner and Gene Grabeel and the rest, when he saw: Angeline Nanni. prosecutors relied on other evidence, most of which was not as compelling, She would feed certain messages into the key punch machines and hunt for repetitions. State's effort to develop the atomic bomb. The book aided cryptographers in breaking the The Venona files further show that Ethel Rosenberg, while aware of her husband’s spying activities, played only a minor role in the overall theft of atomic secrets. Donovan, divulged a plethora of intelligence secrets to Moscow. a detailed report of Venona operations remains unknown, but again, the with Britain and France. economic assessments, and other classified information. To encode a message, a clerk would consult a code book, a kind of dictionary that provided a four-digit code group. The Vigenère Autokey Cipher is a more secure variant of the ordinary Vigenère cipher. Even the Central Intelligence Agency was not brought into the fold until 1952, and did not receive all deciphered messages until 1953. 17th Annual Photo Contest Finalists Announced. discovered that the Soviets had placed several intelligence sources in the The Venona women were artisans but also relics, and many chose to retire. “I owe you an apology,” the officer said as they were washing their hands. After sorting the intercepts by cipher system, origin, and recipient, A member of the Women’s Army Corps—one Lt. Hunter—initially tried to keep Nanni out of the unit because she lacked a degree. By November the Truman administration knew of allegations against Lauchlin Currie, a White House aide; Duncan Lee, executive assistant at the Office of Strategic Services, forerunner of the CIA; and assistant treasury secretary Harry Dexter White. or Cecil Phillips observed mathematical patterns in one of the Soviet Even before Philby gained access to Venona, however, the Russians had learned through other means that the Americans had been reading their wartime messages. By that time, the Army had sent a handful of officers out to seek recruits for its code-breaking operation. Naomi Wolf, activist, author of The Beauty Myth; a leader in what has been described as the third wave of the feminist movement. It was, of course, the NSA. Sometimes he would drive her to work in Maryland, to a big unmarked campus with armed guards. William Weisband, a native Russian speaker who had become a U.S. citizen, worked as a “linguistic adviser” to the unit. intercepts, notified Soviet intelligence of the project's "VENONA: An Overview." Breaking the Soviet espionage network in the United States. the agents identified by Venona intercepts was the network of Soviet Soviet espionage during the 1940s through 1960s. She still cooks for herself; grocery shops; walks every day. If they were planning to broker a separate peace with Germany, Clarke wanted to be able to warn his bosses. “When I saw him coming, I would put things over anything” she was working on, Nanni says. to convict most Soviet informants rather than expose Venona to the public. Gouzenko told the startled Canadians that the Soviets had a mole inside their intelligence system. formally began during World War II, though Soviet communications had been surveillance program. One set might be used by the NKVD unit that was secretly operating out of New York; the second might be used by the Soviet Government Purchasing Commission in Washington. Carrie Berry and Mary Boake came in mid-July, Helen Bradley in August, Gloria Forbes in September. Gene Grabeel, 23, had grown up in Lee County. By 1946, the team had laid the groundwork so that Gardner, a linguist who had taught at the University of Akron, could look at code groups to divine what they meant. Agents questioned Whittaker Chambers, who, as early as the How could the Soviets, so expert at espionage, have committed such a basic blunder? and CIA, while MI-5 and MI-6 processed information from the British team. Rosenberg case similarly did not have access to Venona documents. In Pennsylvania and its environs, Angie Nanni is cherished by 20 doting nieces and nephews, for whom she has always been a surrogate mother, an important influence and inspiration. Continue If the information in the Venona files had been made available to the court during the Rosenbergs’ trial, it might have mitigated Ethel’s eventual death sentence. More than 60 years have passed since the end of World War II, and only now is some once-secret information from that conflict coming to light. Whether Philby provided KGB headquarters with But even once the Soviets knew that the Americans had cracked Venona, there was nothing they could do about the wartime messages the Americans already possessed. Their work unmasked such infamous spies as the British intelligence officer Kim Philby, the British diplomat Donald Maclean, the German-born scientist Klaus Fuchs and many others. He and Grabeel were seated in one corner of a room and told to speak only in whispers. The year was 1945, and World War II was over. In October 1943, an archaeologist working as a wartime Soon enough he found himself reading a message from 1944 that identified prominent atomic scientists, including several with the Manhattan Project, who were passing secrets. Indeed, Vigenere cipher introduced the concept of key … Haynes, John E., and Harvey Klehr. American Intelligence Journal The legacy of Venona. project, code breakers worked on intercepts that were two and three years And since Arlington Hall was reading Japanese messages, the Finnish gleanings were passed to Grabeel. She had not. At the end of the day, they unpinned their maps of the Soviet Union from the wall and locked up their Russian textbooks. other Soviet codes. They were Gloria Forbes, Mildred Hayes, Carrie Berry, Jo Miller Deafenbaugh, Joan Malone Calla-han, Gene Grabeel and others. Grabeel’s father agreed she would be happier in Washington “shuffling paper” for six months—her likely task, they both assumed—so she took the job. Diplomatic intercepts were different from Soviet intelligence communications, but many of the codes were variations of each other. government. Get the best of Smithsonian magazine by email. In 1949 Lamphere began working with the new representative of British counterintelligence, or MI-6, to the United States, Harold “Kim” Philby. One of the ironies of the Venona project was the fact that while Kim Philby, Britain’s most notorious turncoat, knew what was happening at Arlington Hall, American President Harry Truman did not. Since Venona documents were not analyzed as By 1943, most of the intercepts The following year, analyst Meredith Gardner decoded several portions of Numbers came easily to Angeline Nanni. But after Nanni proved her mettle—it didn’t take long—she encountered Lt. Hunter in the ladies’ room. communications, Soviet officials discussed plans for foreign espionage, However, the In 1980, it was Angie Nanni and Mildred Hayes who, along with a colleague, Janice Cram, boxed up the familiar work sheets and folders stored them away. Their work was so highly classified that President Harry Truman likely did not know about it. Nadia Comaneci, Olympic gold medal-winning Romanian gymnast; named one of the athletes of the century by Laureus World Sports Academy (2000). HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 5,000 articles originally published in our various magazines.

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