This allowed Arduin's enemies in the Church, led by Archbishop Frederick of Ravenna, to side with the German King Henry II as the rightful ruler of Italy. [38][84], Henry was girded with a sword as a token of his coming of age in Worms on 29 March 1065. [51][69] Henry summoned the Italian bishops to a synod in Basel to discuss the situation. Henry offered him the Margravate of Meissen, but Egbert decided to continue the fight against Henry after two Saxon prelates, Hartwig of Magdeburg and Burchard of Halberstadt, promised to achieve his election as king of Germany. [63] Agnes ceded Bavaria to a wealthy Saxon lord, Otto of Nordheim, and replaced Duke Conrad of Carinthia with Berthold of Zähringen in early 1061. The death of Otto II in 983 allowed the elder Henry to be released from custody and to return from exile. [306][307] The council also prohibited the bishops and abbots from swearing fealty to secular rulers. [347], Henry moved from Mainz to Hammerstein and then to Cologne. Increasingly, the Empire's duchies were becoming personal possessions of their respective ducal family as opposed to component parts of the Empire. [81] Henry and his advisors, however, insisted on Solomon's restoration to the Hungarian throne and German troops invaded Hungary in August 1063. Documents by Henry IV for the Bishopric of Bamberg, 17 August 1057, This page was last edited on 28 October 2020, at 04:44. [361] The townspeople of Liège tried to prevent the transfer of Henry's corpse, but it was carried in a sarcophagus to Speyer. A son of Kievan Grand Duke Vladimir the Great, he was vice-regent of the Principality of Novgorod at the time of his father's death in 1015. [224] Henry returned to Germany and assembled his troops for a new invasion of Saxony. [354] He also wrote letters to his son, the German princes and King Philip I of France. [129], Bolesław II, Duke of Poland, invaded Bohemia in early 1073, and Henry decided to launch a punitive action against him. [348], Henry V invaded Lorraine, but his father's supporters routed his army at Visé on 22 March 1106. Prior to open rebellion in 1004, Boleslaus III, Duke of Bohemia, was ousted in a revolt in 1002. [15] The monarchs occasionally kept the office of duke for themselves or for their closest relatives, but sooner or later they had no choice but to fill vacant duchies, because they depended on the most powerful aristocrats' support. [364] Polemical writings spreading in Germany after 1085 accused Henry of incest and pederasty, also claiming that he had fathered illegitimate children. Rudolf did not take advantage of his victory, however, because the Saxons who had deserted him did not return to his camp. [64], Relations between Pope Nicholas and the German prelates became tense for unknown reasons in 1061. [5] Then, under the presidency of the Emperor and Pope, the two held a synod in Rome, appointed five bishops, issued decrees against simony and promoting chastity within the clergy, and ordered the restitution of Church property. Unlike the dukes, such ecclesiastical figures could not pass their title and lands to any descendants. Introduced by Emperor Otto I, the Ottonians appointed and integrated the higher clergy into the imperial administration, seeking to establish a non-hereditary counter-balance to the fiercely independent and powerful German Stem duchies. Henry's opponents were willing to pay homage to him provided he had been absolved by the Pope. Before returning to Germany, Henry's envoys, Archbishop Liemar of Bremen and Bishop Rupert of Bamberg, raised a rebellion against the Pope's principal Italian ally Matilda of Tuscany. [51][70] He attended the synod, wearing the insignia of his office of patrician of the Romans. [158] Godfrey the Hunchback, Duke of Lower Lorraine, was the sole German duke to join his campaign, but the Saxons were unable to resist. For 19th-century Protestant German nationalists, the Gang nach Canossa ("Road to Canossa") symbolized the humiliation of Germany by a haughty pope.

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