His brief history of Rome is of uneven quality, but contains some valuable character sketches. “No Latin ruler” Ernle Bradford, Cleopatra (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1971), p. 49. A man with imperium (an imperator) had, in principle, absolute authority to apply the law within the scope of his magistracy or promagistracy. a general and overriding proconsular authority There is a dispute whether this was maius imperium proconsulare, “greater proconsular authority,” allowing him to override or give orders to governors of the senatorial provinces, or aequum imperium proconsulare, “equal proconsular authority,” which would allow him to raise matters with governors but not to command them. To symbolize that the dictator could enact capital punishment within Rome as well as without, his lictors did not remove the axes from their fasces within the pomerium. The Prussian military thinker Karl von Clausewitz used the term to refer to the difficulty of getting reliable information, even of the most basic sort, during a war. To what is Horace referring in the first line of the Carmen Saeculare (below)? His biographies of Brutus and Mark Antony are fine pieces of work, and throw much light on the period. : Editions Glénat, 2004) reconstructs the entire city as it would have looked at the beginning of the fourth century A.D.; it shows (sometimes speculatively) the appearance of Augustan buildings and Rome’s general layout. This seems unlikely, for it would have entailed four or five days’ silence. Tacitus (c. A.D. 55–c. Coins 2. “indiscreet talk when drunk” Ovid Trist 2446. In some monotheistic religions such as Christianity (the Catholic Church where the official language, Latin, used terms as Imperium Dei/Domini) the Divine is held to have a superior imperium, as ultimate King of Kings, above all earthly powers. “That’s a matter for the carrion birds” Suet Aug 13 2. Plutarch’s and Suetonius’ lives of Caesar throw light on Caesar’s activities, as do Appian and the commentaries on the Alexandrian war and the African war, written by Caesarian supporters. In doing so, he deliberately broke the law on imperium and engaged in an open act of insurrection and treason. In Rome there was a severe famine For this section about discontent at Rome, see Dio 55 27. This three-part plan of action This strategic analysis is indebted to J.F.C. the path to success Jos Ant 15 [6, 6] 191. a kind of personal plebiscite The chronology is uncertain. The often mysterious events of these years are inadequately covered by Dio, some of whose text is missing; Suetonius (in the lives of both Augustus and Tiberius) makes a contribution. Some scholars believe that in 37 or perhaps 33 Antony agreed to become Cleopatra’s prince consort.

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