He would build an empire on the back of his motto, “there is nothing impossible to him who will try.”. However, the young child's reign was entirely fictional, as he was residing in Austria with his mother. Italian city-states within it would start to assert. Henry V predeceased Charles VI and so Henry V's son, Henry VI, succeeded his grandfather Charles VI as King of France. The Second French Republic lasted from 1848 to 1852, when its president, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, was declared Emperor of the French. The Monarchs of France ruled from the establishment of the Frankish Kingdom in 486 to 1870. After several weeks, he took the town and entered Egypt where he established the city that still bears his name: Alexandria. The branches of the dynasty which ruled after 1328, however, are generally given the specific branch names of Valois and Bourbon. Because neither Hugh nor Philip were sole or senior king in their own lifetimes, they are not traditionally listed as Kings of France, and are not given ordinals. The rise and fall of Carolingian Charles III played out during the ascent of these non-Carolingian kings. But Persia’s rule as a ...read more, Born into obscurity in the British West Indies, Alexander Hamilton made his reputation during the Revolutionary War and became one of America’s most influential Founding Fathers. Fordham University. He took another approach and sliced through the knot with his sword, claiming triumph. Alexander of Macedonia. Several Merovingian monarchs reunited the Frankish kingdoms and assumed the title of "King of the Franks". Ancient History Encyclopedia. But he’d never live to see it happen. Most of Northern France was under English control until 1435, but by 1453, the English had been expelled from all of France save Calais (and the Channel Islands), and Calais itself fell in 1558. Fed up with Alexander’s new Persian-like persona, a drunk Cleitus continually insulted Alexander and minimized his achievements. In 326 B.C., Alexander met King Porus of Paurava at the Hydaspes River. In 328 B.C., Cleitus, another general and close friend of Alexander, also met a violent end. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? According to legend, Rome was founded on 21 April 753 BC by Romulus and Remus, twin descendants of the Trojan prince Aeneas. Córdoba (756–1031): the Sunni Umayyads held on to al-Andalus (Iberia) as the Emirate of Córdoba, which became the Caliphate of Córdoba in 939. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Charlemagne had handled the many differences and the large size of his realm by dividing it up into "sub-kingdoms," but Louis represented himself not as a ruler of different ethnic groups, but as a leader of Christians in a unified land. He was an impassioned champion of a strong federal government, and played a key role in defending ...read more, 1. Irmingard also participated in her husband’s efforts to reform monastic life, which were spearheaded by Benedict of Aniane, a Goth who had founded a monastery on his family’s property. The name of France comes from the Germanic tribe known as the Franks. It’s said Alexander was sad when he found Darius’s body and he gave him a royal burial. He is generally not accounted for in lists of official French monarchs. Professor of History, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Tulunid dynasty would fall to the Abbasid Caliphate. Three non-Carolingian kings reigned during the Carolingian period of the French monarchy. He amassed a large fleet, finally breached the city’s walls in July 332 B.C. The emperor’s spontaneous display of royal humility, preceded by reconciliation with his enemies, deeply impressed contemporaries. As emperor, Louis initiated reforms and redefined the relationship between the Frankish empire and the papacy. From 21 January 1793 to 8 June 1795, Louis XVI's son Louis-Charles was the titular King of France as Louis XVII; in reality, however, he was imprisoned in the Temple throughout this duration, and power was held by the leaders of the Republic. Alexander the Great. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Louis I or Louis the Pious, Fr. The imperial title that Pope Leo III bestowed on Charlemagne on December 25, 800, was problematic. All went well until they came within striking distance of the Tyrians. In the preceding centuries, Greek city-states were governed by a variety of entities, including kings, oligarchies, tyrants, and, as in the case of Athens, a democracy.” But another Persian leader, Bessus (also thought to be Darius’s murderer), had also claimed the Persian throne. He rejected a plea from Darius for peace and took the towns of Byblos and Sidon. Even so, after a fierce battle in a raging thunderstorm, Porus was defeated. Republic of Venice was officially recognized as Byzantine territory in 814, but would become a powerful and independent city-state and empire. Alexander couldn’t let the claim stand. (Lajos Nagy). The chronology of Head of State of France continues with the Presidents of France and short term interim periods by the Chief of State of the French State (1940–1944), the Chairman of the Provisional Government of the French Republic (1944–1946) and the President of the French Senate (1969 and 1974) during the Fifth Republic. She authored the forward for "The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Crusades. Alexander III was born in Pella, Macedonia, in 356 B.C. Magyar tribes, also called the Hungarian clans, conquered the Carpathian Basin starting in the late ninth century. With the splintering of Abbasid rule they became the first independent dynasty to rule Egypt, as well as much of Syria, since the Ptolemaic dynasty. So Alexander led his troops down the Indus River and was severely wounded during a battle with the Malli. During the latter period, a tradition of free election of monarchs made it a uniquely electable position in Europe. He ...read more, Alexander Hamilton Stephens (1812-1883) served as vice president of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War (1861-65). Following fierce fighting and heavy losses on both sides, Darius fled and was assassinated by his own troops. Upon Louis XVII's death, his uncle (Louis XVI's brother) Louis-Stanislas claimed the throne, as Louis XVIII, but only became de facto King of France in 1814. His death—and the bloody infighting for control that happened afterwards—unraveled the empire he’d fought so hard to create. Born Mar. It was succeeded by the Sasanian Empire. Not one to take “no” for an answer, Alexander sent some of his men to scale the rock and take the Sogdians by surprise. He continued to rule energetically and decisively until his death in 840. Louis le Pieux or Louis le Débonnaire, 778–840, emperor of the West (814–40), son and successor of Charlemagne. During the High Middle Ages, the Mongols, would sweep across Asia, and influence the development of Russia and the Middle East. The empire was a conglomerate of several different ethnic groups, including Franks, Saxons, Lombards, Jews, Byzantines and many others across a great span of territory. … First Republic (1792–1804) Edit. Louis XVIII was reinstalled as king on 7 July. During Louis I’s rule in Hungary, laws were promulgated in 1351 promoting the consolidation of feudal relations and intensifying the exploitation of peasants. Some tribes surrendered peacefully; others did not. Incorporated into the Carolingian regime by force, Aquitaine needed watching, especially because it abutted the Spanish March, a military frontier region that had become even more dangerous after Charlemagne’s abortive Spanish campaign in 778. The Carolingian empire and (inset) divisions after the Treaty of Verdun, 843. The First French Republic lasted from 1792 to 1804, when its First Consul, Napoléon Bonaparte, declared himself Emperor of … Mirdasid dynasty (1024–1080), an Arab Shia Islam dynasty, controlled the Emirate of Aleppo. To gain credibility with the Persians, Alexander took on many Persian customs. It would fall to the Uqaylid dynasty (990–1096), a Shia Islam Arab dynasty. As the story goes, Alexander fell in love with Roxane on sight. As king, Louis had his own palaces, chancery, treasury, and mints. In spite of this failure, Peter the Great claimed the territories of Finland, Latvia and Estonia in his bid to expand the Russian nation. He turned Macedonia (a region on the northern part of the Greek peninsula) into a force to be reckoned with, and he fantasized about conquering the massive Persian Empire. Papal States (of disputed status within the Kingdom of Italy) continued until the Risorgimento (Italian unification) during the 19th century, although Vatican City was later established. Classical Greece (5th to 4th centuries BC): started after the fall of the Athenian tyranny in 510 BC. By turns charismatic and ruthless, brilliant and power hungry, diplomatic and bloodthirsty, Alexander inspired such loyalty in his men they’d follow him anywhere and, if necessary, die in the process. With his father’s death five months later, Louis faced the task of running an empire that in Charlemagne’s seventh decade had suffered from disobedience, corruption, and inefficiency. He took swift action in quashing challenges to his authority and even sent his half-brothers into monasteries to prevent any future dynastic conflicts. The title "King of the Franks" (Latin: Rex Francorum) remained in use until 1190, during the reign of Philip II (but note the use of FRANCORUM REX by Louis XII in 1499, by Francis I in 1515, and by Henry II about 1550[1]).

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