Theories, conceptual frameworks, and models are not discovered; they are created. However, the terms conceptual framework, conceptual model, and theoretical framework are often used interchangeably. They proposed the following definition: “The attributes of spiritual care are healing presence, therapeutic use of self, intuitive sense, exploration of the spiritual perspective, patient centredness, meaning-centred therapeutic intervention and creation of a spiritually nurturing environment” (p. 211). Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 2001), which is sometimes called self-efficacy theory, offers an explanation of human behavior using the concepts of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and incentives. TIP Self-efficacy is a key construct in several models discussed in this chapter. In qualitative research within a research tradition, the framework is part of that tradition. Nursing interventions usually take the form of increasing, decreasing, modifying, removing, or maintaining internal and external stimuli that affect adaptation. The conceptual models were not developed primarily as a base for nursing research. As classically defined, theories consist of two or more concepts and a set of propositions that form a logically … In both lay and scientific language, theory connotes an abstraction. Four nonnursing theories have frequently been used in nursing studies: Bandura’s (2001) Social Cognitive Theory, Prochaska et al.’s (2002) Transtheoretical (Stages of Change) Model, the Health Belief Model (Becker, 1974), and the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 2005). For example, suppose a research team hypothesized that a nurse-led smoking cessation intervention would reduce smoking among patients with cardiovascular disease. Self-efficacy has repeatedly been found to affect people’s behaviors and to be amenable to change, and so self-efficacy enhancement is often a goal in interventions designed to change people’s health-related behavior. In both lay and scientific language, theory connotes an abstraction. Example using Uncertainty in Illness Theory. In nursing education, the term theory is used to refer to content covered in classrooms, as opposed to actual nursing practice. Theories can also help to stimulate research by providing direction and impetus. Uncertainty occurs when people are unable to recognize and categorize stimuli. 8.1), health promotion entails activities directed toward developing resources that maintain or enhance a person’s well-being. Cypress (2016) used Mishel’s Uncertainty in Illness Theory as a foundation for exploring uncertainty among chronically ill patients in the intensive care unit. A study’s framework is often implicit (i.e., not formally acknowledged or described). Goal of nursing is to reduce so that the client can move more easily through recovery. Or, a new theory might integrate new observations with an existing theory to yield a more parsimonious explanation of a phenomenon. The table describes the model’s key features and identifies a study that claimed the model as its framework. Examples of middle-range theories that have been used in research include Beck’s(2012) Theory of Postpartum Depression; Kolcaba’s (2003) Comfort Theory, Pender and colleagues’ (2015) Health Promotion Model, and Mishel’s (1990) Uncertainty in Illness Theory. To illustrate, consider reinforcement theory, which posits that behavior that is reinforced (i.e., rewarded) tends to be repeated and learned. A theoretical nursing framework is a body of knowledge used to support the practice of nursing. In a study based on a theory, the framework is called the theoretical framework; in a study that has its roots in a conceptual model, the framework may be called the conceptual framework. Middle-range theories attempt to explain such phenomena as stress, comfort, and health promotion. The framework is based on a variety of research studies that aim to locate best nursing practices. Therefore, broad theoretical knowledge from different discipline helps in supporting nursing … Researchers who clarify conceptual definitions of key variables provide important information about the study’s framework. She observed that the nurse provide direct assistance to meet an immediate need for help in order to avoid or to alleviate distress or helplessness. Concepts and linkages between them are depicted graphically through boxes, arrows, or other symbols. Nola Pender’s (2011) Health Promotion Model (HPM) focuses on explaining health-promoting behaviors, using a wellness orientation. 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