Occurrence and intensity of stalk rots is sometimes related to the amount of inoculum present. In many cases the internal tissues of the stalk, or pith is compromised. Leaf or stalk injury from hail, insects, or mechanical injury facilitates bacterial infection. However, it is not uncommon to walk corn fields where nearly every plant is upright yet nearly every plant is also showing stalk rot symptoms. For an accessible format of this publication, visit cfaes.osu.edu/accessibility. This publication will discuss general symptoms of these diseases, identification of stalk rotting pathogens, factors that increase stalk rots, management, and scouting recommendations. Thus, corn suffering from stalk rot will easily lodge, or bend when exposed to windy conditions common in Delaware (Figure 2). Cloud cover and high planting density reduce the amount of light accessible to foliage and therefore photosynthetic rate. What causes sweet corn stalks to rot? However, Diplodia and Pythium have also been observed. A symptom common to all stalk rots is the deterioration of the inner stalk tissues so that one or more of the inner nodes can easily be compressed when squeezed between thumb and finger. Stalk rots may cause lodging, especially if the affected crop is not harvested promptly. Bacterial stalk rot of corn. Disease and insect damage reduce the amount of photosynthetic area, thereby reducing the overall carbon budget. G. E. Shaner and D. H. Scott Department of Botany & Plant Pathology Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907: Stalk rots occur to a greater or lesser degree every year in Indiana. Table 1. Plants suffering from stalk rot will fall over easily. In addition, plants suffering from stalk rot have rotted roots, which also favors lodging. The longer the crop stays in the field, there greater the risk of late-season diseases such as ear and stalk rots, especially if it continues to rain. The "push" test is another way to predict lodging. (302) 831-2501, 531 South College Avenue Initial symptoms of stalk rots are noticed by premature wilting and ear drop (Figure 1). Conversely, over fertilization can cause excessively lush growth. Limitations to water impact the amount of gaseous carbon that moves to the foliage from the atmosphere. Bacterial stalk rot of corn. However, if the ear leaf cannot meet the demands of grain fill, carbohydrates are mobilized from the root and stalk. However, strong rinds will not prevent lodging if harvest is delayed and the crop is subjected to weathering, e.g. In accordance with Federal law and U.S. Department of Agriculture policy, Cooperative Extension is prohibited from discriminating on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability. Conversely, over fertilization can cause excessively lush growth. However, it is not uncommon to walk corn fields where nearly every plant is upright yet nearly every plant is also showing stalk rot symptoms. Generally though, most stalk rots will show up later in the season. We connect with people in all stages of life, from young children to older adults. Stalk Rot Diseases of Corn Each year at grain harvest, stalk rots are present in corn fields. Decreased stalk strength resulting from the activity of stalk rotting pathogens causes lodging. Charcoal rot is one of the few diseases that is more common during drought conditions, and so, is more likely to affect corn in non-irrigated fields or pivot corners. Excessively wet conditions can leach nitrogen from the soil and stress roots, facilitating fungal infection. For this reason many of the stalk-rotting pathogens are opportunistic, and disease is caused by whatever organism happens to be in the vicinity when carbohydrate stress occurs. Injury by birds and insects also favors fungal infection. Figure 2. Although these fungi cause different symptoms, their ultimate effect on the corn plant is the same. Gibberella is a very common stalk rot in Indiana, and is Fields can be scouted for stalk rot before harvest by scouting 1 site for every acre of the field. Several fungi and bacteria can cause stalk rots both earlier and/or later in the season. Plants contain tiny openings in the foliage and stems that allow gas exchange. The majority of stalk rot damage in Ontario is caused by three fungi, Anthracnose, Gibberella and Fusarium. It is possible by using this "squeeze test" to assess potential lodging. Therefore, any factor that limits the ability of the plant to access water may ultimately predispose the plant to stalk rot. Although there is variability in terms of specific nutrients and diseases, in general, stalk rots increase when nutrients are lost during the growing season. A common bacterial sweet corn stalk rot disease is caused by the bacteria Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. 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